Crystalline form of a biphenyl compound

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5 -yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof. This invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising such a salt or prepared using such a salt; processes and intermediates for preparing such a salt; and methods of using such a salt to treat a pulmonary disorder.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/544,621, filed on Feb. 13, 2004; the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a novel crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salts of a biphenyl compound which are expected to be useful for treating pulmonary disorders. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such crystalline biphenyl compounds or prepared from such crystalline biphenyl compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing such crystalline biphenyl compounds and methods of using such crystalline biphenyl compounds to treat a pulmonary disorder.

2. State of the Art

Commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/779,157, filed on Feb. 13, 2004, disclose novel biphenyl compounds that are useful for treating pulmonary disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. In particular, the compound, biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester is specifically disclosed in this application as possessing both muscarinic antagonist and β₂ adrenergic receptor agonist activity.

The chemical structure of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester is represented by formula I:

Therapeutic agents useful for treating pulmonary disorders are advantageously administered directly into the respiratory tract by inhalation. In this regard, several types of pharmaceutical inhalation devices have been developed for administering therapeutic agents by inhalation including dry powder inhalers (DPI), metered-dose inhalers (MDI) and nebulizer inhalers. When preparing pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for use in such devices, it is highly desirable to have a crystalline form of the therapeutic agent that is neither hygroscopic nor deliquescent and which has a relatively high melting point (i.e. greater than about 150° C.) thereby allowing the material to be micronized without significant decomposition.

No salt forms of the compound for formula I have been reported previously. Accordingly, a need exists for a stable, non-deliquescent salt form of the compound of formula I which has an acceptable level of hygroscopicity and a relatively high melting point.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof.

Surprisingly, a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I has been found not to be deliquescent, even when exposed to the atmosphere moisture. Additionally, a crystalline salt of this invention has been found to have an acceptable level of hygroscopicity and a very high melting point greater than 200° C.

Among other uses, a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I is expected to be useful for preparing pharmaceutical compositions for treating pulmonary disorders. Accordingly, in another of its composition aspects, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition prepared from a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof. In a particular embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of this invention further comprises a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, such as a corticosteroid; or a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor.

The compound of formula I has both muscarinic antagonist and β₂ adrenergic receptor agonist activity. Accordingly, the naphalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of this invention is expected to be useful for treating pulmonary disorders, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Accordingly, in one of its method aspects, this invention is directed to a method for treating a pulmonary disorder, the method comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of provides a pharmaceutical composition prepared from a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof.

Additionally, in another of its method aspects, this invention is directed to a method of producing bronchodilation in a patient, the method comprising administering to a patient a bronchodilation-producing amount of a provides a pharmaceutical composition prepared from a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof.

This invention is also directed to a method of treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, the method comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a provides a pharmaceutical composition prepared from a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof.

This invention is also directed to processes for preparing a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I. Accordingly, in another of its method aspects, this invention provides a process for preparing a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof; the process comprising contacting biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester with 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid.

In yet another of its method aspects, this invention provides a process for preparing crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof, the process comprising:

(a) contacting a compound of formula II:

wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, —C₁₋₄ alkyl-(phenyl), or one of R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) is —O—(C₁₋₄ alkyl); with fluoride ion; and

(b) contacting the product from step (b) with naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid to form a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}-piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof, wherein step (a) and (b) are conducted in the same reaction vessel without isolation of the product of step (a).

Additionally, this invention is directed to a process for purifying biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester; the process comprising forming a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester. This invention is also directed to the products prepared by the processes described herein.

This invention is also directed to a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof for use in therapy or as a medicament.

Additionally, this invention is directed to the use of a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof for the manufacture of a medicament; especially for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a pulmonary disorder.

This invention is also directed to a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof, in micronized form; and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof, in micronized form.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various aspects of the present invention are illustrated by reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 shows an x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester of this invention.

FIG. 2 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) trace and a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) trace for a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester of this invention.

FIG. 3 shows a dynamic moisture sorption (DMS) trace for a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester of this invention.

FIG. 4 shows an infrared (IR) absorption spectra for a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester of this invention.

FIG. 5 is a micrographic image of a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salts of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof. The active agent in these salts (i.e., the compound of formula I) contains one chiral center having the (R) configuration. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that minor amounts of the (S) stereoisomer may be present in the compositions of this invention unless otherwise indicated, provided that the desired utility of the composition as a whole is not eliminated by the presence of such an isomer.

The compound of formula I has been named using the commercially-available AutoNom software (MDL, San Leandro, Calif.). Additionally, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salts are also sometimes known as napadisylate salts.

Definitions

When describing the compounds, compositions, methods and processes of this invention, the following terms have the following meanings unless otherwise indicated.

The term “solvate” means a complex or aggregate formed by one or more molecules of a solute, i.e. a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I, and one or more molecules of a solvent. Such solvates typically have a substantially fixed molar ratio of solute and solvent. Representative solvents include, by way of example, water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetic acid and the like. When the solvent is water, the solvate formed is a hydrate.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount sufficient to effect treatment when administered to a patient in need of treatment.

The term “treating” or “treatment” as used herein means the treating or treatment of a disease or medical condition (such as COPD) in a patient, such as a mammal (particularly a human) that includes:

-   -   (a) preventing the disease or medical condition from occurring,         i.e., prophylactic treatment of a patient;     -   (b) ameliorating the disease or medical condition, i.e.,         eliminating or causing regression of the disease or medical         condition in a patient;     -   (c) suppressing the disease or medical condition, i.e., slowing         or arresting the development of the disease or medical condition         in a patient; or     -   (d) alleviating the symptoms of the disease or medical condition         in a patient.

The term “unit dosage form” refers to a physically discrete unit suitable for dosing a patient, i.e., each unit containing a predetermined quantity of the salt of the invention calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect either alone or in combination with one or more additional units. For example, such unit dosage forms may be capsules, tablets, pills, and the like.

Naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic Acid Salts of the Invention

A crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}-piperidin-4-yl ester of this invention can be prepared from biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}-piperidin-4-yl ester and naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid.

The naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salts of this invention typically contains between about 0.75 and about 1.25 molar equivalents of naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid per molar equivalent of the compound of formula I; including between about 0.90 and about 1.05 molar equivalents of naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid per molar equivalent of the compound of formula I.

The molar ratio of naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid to biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}-piperidin-4-yl ester can be readily determined by various methods available to those skilled in the art. For example, such molar ratios can be readily determined by ¹H NMR. Alternatively, elemental analysis and HPLC methods can be used to determine the molar ratio.

The biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester employed in this invention can be readily prepared from commercially available starting materials and reagents using the procedures described in the Examples below; or using the procedures described in the commonly-assigned U.S. application described in the Background section of this application.

Naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid (also known as Armstrong's Acid) is commercially available from, for example, Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. In one embodiment, the naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid employed in this invention is essentially anhydrous.

To prepare a crystalline salt of this invention, the biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}-piperidin-4-yl ester is typically contacted with about 0.75 to about 1.25 molar equivalents of naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid. Generally, this reaction is conducted in an inert diluent at a temperature ranging from about 0° C. to about 40° C.; including about 20° C. to about 35° C., such as about 25° C. to about 30° C. Suitable inert diluents for this reaction include, but are not limited to, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, ethyl acetate and the like. A particular inert diluent is methanol. Generally, it is preferred that the inert diluent have a low water content i.e., the inert diluent is essentially anhydrous.

Upon completion of the reaction, the crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}-piperidin-4-yl ester is isolated from the reaction mixture by any conventional means, such as precipitation, concentration, centrifugation and the like.

Alternatively, a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of a compound of formula I can be prepared by contacting a silyl-protected derivative of the compound of formula I (i.e., a compound of formula II) with a source of fluoride ion and then, in the same reaction vessel, contacting the product with naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid. In a particular embodiment, the silyl-protecting group is a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group. Other suitable silyl-protecting groups include tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, di-tert-buylmethylsilyl, tert-butoxydiphenylsilyl and the like. The source of fluoride ion used in this process can be any reagent containing or comprising fluoride ion or hydrogen fluoride. In a particular embodiment, the source of fluoride ion is tetrabutylammonium fluoride. Other suitable sources of fluoride ion include, triethylamine trihydrofluoride, potassium fluoride with 18-crown-6, hydrogen fluoride, pyridine hydrofluoride, and the like.

Generally, this process is conducted in an inert diluent at a temperature ranging from about 0° C. to about 50° C.; including about 25° C. to about 45° C., such as about 35° C. to about 40° C. Suitable inert diluents for this reaction include, but are not limited to, THF, dichloromethane, methanol and mixtures thereof. In a particular embodiment, a solution of biphenyl-2-yl-carbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester is contacted with about 1.8 to about 3.0 molar equivalents of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF at about 40° C. for about 5 to 12 hours or until removal of the silyl group is substantially complete. To the resulting solution, without isolation of the reaction product, is added about 0.8 to about 1.1 molar equivalents of naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid in methanol and this mixture is heated at about 25° C. to about 30° C. for about 2 to about 6 hours. Upon completion of the reaction, a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester is isolated from the reaction mixture by any conventional means, such as precipitation, concentration, centrifugation and the like.

Among other advantages, it has been discovered that forming a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I is useful for purifying the compound of formula I. Generally, the crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salts of this invention have a purity greater than 95%; and typically greater than 98%, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography.

In one embodiment, a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the present invention is characterized by an x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern having two or more diffraction peaks at 2θ values selected from 11.95±0.25, 12.88±0.25, 13.88±0.25, 18.43±0.25, 20.45±0.25, 22.98±0.25, 23.83±0.25, and 25.94±0.25. In particular, a crystalline form is characterized by an x-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 18.43±0.25, 20.45±0.25, and 23.83±0.25.

As is well known in the field of x-ray powder diffraction, relative peak heights of XRPD spectra are dependent on a number of factors relating to sample preparation and instrument geometry, while peak positions are relatively insensitive to experimental details. Thus, in one embodiment, a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I is characterized by an x-ray powder diffraction pattern in which the peak positions are substantially in accordance with those shown in FIG. 1.

In another embodiment, a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I is characterized by its infrared (IR) absorption spectrum which shows significant absorption bands at 689±1, 706±1, 749±1, 768±1, 806±1, 841±1, 994±1, 1065±1, 1098±1, 1165±1, 1221±1, 1252±1, 1283±1, 1437±1, 1474±1, 1533±1, 1613±1, and 1668±1 cm⁻¹, as illustrated in FIG. 4.

In yet another embodiment, a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I is characterized by its differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) trace which shows an onset of endothermic heat flow at about 200° C., as illustrated in FIG. 2. Without intending to be bound by any theory, comparison of the DSC trace with thermogravimetric analysis data supports the inference that a crystal form of the present invention exhibits simultaneous melting and decomposition as the temperature is scanned above the onset temperature of about 200° C.

A crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I has been demonstrated to have a reversible sorption/desorption profile with an acceptable, moderate level of hygroscopicity (i.e., less than 5% weight gain when exposed to atmospheric moisture).

Additionally, a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I has been found to be stable upon exposure to elevated temperature and humidity. For example, after storage for 28 days at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity, analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed no observable chemical degradation (i.e., less than 0.5% degradation).

These properties of the salts of this invention are further illustrated in the Examples below.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Formulations

The naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salts of the compound of formula I are typically administered to a patient in the form of a pharmaceutical composition or formulation. Such pharmaceutical compositions may be administered to the patient by any acceptable route of administration including, but not limited to, inhaled, oral, nasal, topical (including transdermal) and parenteral modes of administration. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that, once the crystalline salt of this invention has been formulated, it may no longer be in crystalline form, i.e., the salt may be dissolved in a suitable carrier.

Accordingly, in one of its compositions aspects, this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition prepared from a crystalline salt of the invention, the composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof. Optionally, such pharmaceutical compositions may contain other therapeutic and/or formulating agents if desired.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention typically contain a therapeutically effective amount of a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof. Typically, such pharmaceutical compositions will contain from about 0.01 to about 95% by weight of the active agent; including, from about 0.01 to about 30% by weight; such as from about 0.01 to about 10% by weight of the active agent.

Any conventional carrier or excipient may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention. The choice of a particular carrier or excipient, or combinations of carriers or exipients, will depend on the mode of administration being used to treat a particular patient or type of medical condition or disease state. In this regard, the preparation of a suitable pharmaceutical composition for a particular mode of administration is well within the scope of those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts. Additionally, the ingredients for such compositions are commercially available from, for example, Sigma, P.O. Box 14508, St. Louis, Mo. 63178. By way of further illustration, conventional formulation techniques are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20^(th) Edition, Lippincott Williams & White, Baltimore, Md. (2000); and H. C. Ansel et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 7^(th) Edition, Lippincott Williams & White, Baltimore, Md. (1999).

Representative examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; (21) compressed propellant gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons; and (22) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical compositions.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention are typically prepared by throughly and intimately mixing or blending a salt of the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and one or more optional ingredients. If necessary or desired, the resulting uniformly blended mixture can then be shaped or loaded into tablets, capsules, pills, canisters, cartridges, dispensers and the like using conventional procedures and equipment.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention are suitable for inhaled administration. Suitable pharmaceutical compositions for inhaled administration will typically be in the form of an aerosol or a powder. Such compositions are generally administered using well-known delivery devices, such as a nebulizer inhaler, a metered-dose inhaler (MDI), a dry powder inhaler (DPI) or a similar delivery device.

In a specific embodiment of this invention, the pharmaceutical composition comprising the active agent is administered by inhalation using a nebulizer inhaler. Such nebulizer devices typically produce a stream of high velocity air that causes the pharmaceutical composition comprising the active agent to spray as a mist that is carried into the patient's respiratory tract. Accordingly, when formulated for use in a nebulizer inhaler, the active agent is typically dissolved in a suitable carrier to form a solution. Alternatively, the active agent can be micronized and combined with a suitable carrier to form a suspension of micronized particles of respirable size, where micronized is typically defined as having about 90% or more of the particles with a diameter of less than about 10 μm. Suitable nebulizer devices are provided commercially, for example, by PARI GmbH (Starnberg, German). Other nebulizer devices include Respimat (Boehringer Ingelheim) and those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,123,068 and WO 97/12687.

A representative pharmaceutical composition for use in a nebulizer inhaler comprises an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.05 μg/mL to about 10 mg/mL of a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of compound of formula I or a solvate thereof. Preferably, the aqueous nebulizer formulation is isotonic.

In another specific embodiment of this invention, the pharmaceutical composition comprising the active agent is administered by inhalation using a dry powder inhaler. Such dry powder inhalers typically administer the active agent as a free-flowing powder that is dispersed in a patient's air-stream during inspiration. In order to achieve a free flowing powder, the active agent is typically formulated with a suitable excipient such as lactose or starch. Typically, the active agent is micronized and combined with a suitable carrier to form a suspension of micronized particles of respirable size, where “micronized particles” or “micronized form” means at least about 90% of the particles have a diameter of less than about 10 μm.

A representative pharmaceutical composition for use in a dry powder inhaler comprises dry lactose having a particle size between about 1 μm and about 100 μm and micronized particles of a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of compound of formula I, or a solvate thereof.

Such a dry powder formulation can be made, for example, by combining the lactose with the active agent and then dry blending the components. Alternatively, if desired, the active agent can be formulated without an excipient. The pharmaceutical composition is then typically loaded into a dry powder dispenser, or into inhalation cartridges or capsules for use with a dry powder delivery device.

Examples of dry powder inhaler delivery devices include Diskhaler (GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, N.C.) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,237); Diskus (GlaxoSmithKline) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,378,519; Turbuhaler (AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Del.) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,769); Rotahaler (GlaxoSmithKline) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,353,365) and Handihaler (Boehringer Ingelheim). Further examples of suitable DPI devices are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,415,162, 5,239,993, and 5,715,810 and references cited therein.

In yet another specific embodiment of this invention, the pharmaceutical composition comprising the active agent is administered by inhalation using a metered-dose inhaler. Such metered-dose inhalers typically discharge a measured amount of the active agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof using compressed propellant gas. Accordingly, pharmaceutical compositions administered using a metered-dose inhaler typically comprise a solution or suspension of the active agent in a liquefied propellant. Any suitable liquefied propellant may be employed including chlorofluorocarbons, such as CCl₃F, and hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs), such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a) and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane, (HFA 227). Due to concerns about chlorofluorocarbons affecting the ozone layer, formulations containing HFAs are generally preferred. Additional optional components of HFA formulations include co-solvents, such as ethanol or pentane, and surfactants, such as sorbitan trioleate, oleic acid, lecithin, and glycerin. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,183, EP 0717987 A2, and WO 92/22286.

A representative pharmaceutical composition for use in a metered-dose inhaler comprises from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of compound of formula I, or a solvate thereof; from about 0% to about 20% by weight ethanol; and from about 0% to about 5% by weight surfactant; with the remainder being an HFA propellant.

Such compositions are typically prepared by adding chilled or pressurized hydrofluoroalkane to a suitable container containing the active agent, ethanol (if present) and the surfactant (if present). To prepare a suspension, the active agent is micronized and then combined with the propellant. The formulation is then loaded into an aerosol canister, which forms a portion of a metered-dose inhaler device. Examples of metered-dose inhaler devices developed specifically for use with HFA propellants are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,006,745 and 6,143,277. Alternatively, a suspension formulation can be prepared by spray drying a coating of surfactant on micronized particles of the active agent. See, for example, WO 99/53901 and WO 00/61108.

For additional examples of processes of preparing respirable particles, and formulations and devices suitable for inhalation dosing see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,268,533, 5,983,956, 5,874,063, and 6,221,398, and WO 99/55319 and WO 00/30614.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention are suitable for oral administration. Suitable pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, tablets, pills, lozenges, cachets, dragees, powders, granules; or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion; or as an elixir or syrup; and the like; each containing a predetermined amount of a salt of the present invention as an active ingredient.

When intended for oral administration in a solid dosage form (i.e., as capsules, tablets, pills and the like), the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will typically comprise a salt of the present invention as the active ingredient and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate. Optionally or alternatively, such solid dosage forms may also comprise: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and/or sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as cetyl alcohol and/or glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and/or bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and/or mixtures thereof; (10) coloring agents; and (11) buffering agents.

Release agents, wetting agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfate sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal-chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylencdiamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Coating agents for tablets, capsules, pills and like, include those used for enteric coatings, such as cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, methacrylic acid-methacrylic acid ester copolymers, cellulose acetate trimellitate (CAT), carboxymethyl ethyl cellulose (CMEC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), and the like.

If desired, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also be formulated to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient using, by way of example, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose in varying proportions; or other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres.

In addition, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may optionally contain opacifying agents and may be formulated so that they release the active ingredient only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Suitable liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, by way of illustration, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Such liquid dosage forms typically comprise the active ingredient and an inert diluent, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (esp., cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Suspensions, in addition to the active ingredient, may contain suspending agents such as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

When intended for oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention are preferably packaged in a unit dosage form. For example, such unit dosage forms may be capsules, tablets, pills, and the like.

The salts of this invention can also be administered transdermally using known transdermal delivery systems and excipents. For example, a compound of this invention can be admixed with permeation enhancers, such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycolm monolaurate, azacycloalkan-2-ones and the like, and incorporated into a patch or similar delivery system. Additional excipients including gelling agents, emulsifiers and buffers, may be used in such transdermal compositions if desired.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also contain other therapeutic agents that are co-administered with a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of compound of formula I, or solvate thereof. For example, the pharmacuetical compositions of this invention may further comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from other β₂ adrenergic receptor agonists, anti-inflammatory agents (e.g. steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as corticosteroids; and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), phosphodiesterase IV inhibitors, other muscarinic receptor antagonistst (i.e., antichlolinergic agents), antiinfective agents (e.g. antibiotics or antivirals) and antihistamines. The other therapeutic agents can be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates. Additionally, if appropriate, the other therapeutic agents can be used as optically pure stereoisomers.

Representative β₂ adrenergic receptor agonists that can be used in combination with, and in addition to, the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, salmeterol, salbutamol, formoterol, salmefamol, fenoterol, terbutaline, albuterol, isoetharine, metaproterenol, bitolterol, pirbuterol, levalbuterol and the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Other β₂ adrenergic receptor agonists that can be used in combination with the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, 3-(4-{[6-({(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-phenyl]ethyl}amino)-hexyl]oxy}butyl)benzenesulfonamide and 3-(-3-{[7-({(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]ethyl}-amino)heptyl]oxy}-propyl)benzenesulfonamide and related compounds disclosed in WO 02/066422, published on Aug. 29, 2002; 3-[3-(4-{[6-([(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]ethyl}amino)hexyl]-oxy}butyl)-phenyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione and related compounds disclosed in WO 02/070490, published Sep. 12, 2002; 3-(4-{[6-({(2R)-2-[3-(formylamino)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-hydroxyethyl}amino)hexyl]oxy}butyl)-benzenesulfonamide, 3-(4-{[6-({(2S)-2-[3-(formylamino)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-hydroxyethyl}amino)hexyl]oxy}butyl)-benzenesulfonamide, 3-(4-{[6-({(2R/S)-2-[3-(formylamino)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-hydroxyethyl}amino)hexyl]oxy}butyl)-benzenesulfonamide, N-(tert-butyl)-3-(4-{[6-({(2R)-2-[3-(formylamino)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-hydroxyethyl}amino)hexyl]-oxy}butyl)benzenesulfonamide, N-(tert-butyl)-3-(4-{[6-({(2S)-2-[3-(formylamino)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-hydroxyethyl}amino)-hexyl]oxy}butyl)-benzenesulfonamide, N-(tert-butyl)-3-(4-{[6-({(2R/S)-2-[3-(formylamino)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-hydroxyethyl}amino)hexyl]-oxy}butyl)benzenesulfonamide and related compounds disclosed in WO 02/076933, published on Oct. 3, 2002; 4-{(1R)-2-[(6-{2-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]ethoxy}hexyl)amino]-1-hydroxyethyl}-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol and related compounds disclosed in WO 03/024439, published on Mar. 27, 2003; N-{2-[4-((R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylamino)phenyl]ethyl}-(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(3-formamido-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine and related compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,793 B1, issued on Jun. 10, 2003; N-{2-[4-(3-phenyl-4-methoxyphenyl)aminophenyl]ethyl}-(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolinon-5-yl)ethylamine and related compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,323 B2, issued on Nov. 25, 2003; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. When employed, the β₂-adrenoreceptor agonist will be present in the pharmaceutical composition in a therapeutically effective amount. Typically, the β₂-adrenoreceptor agonist will be present in an amount sufficient to provide from about 0.05 μg to about 500 μg per dose.

Representative steriodal anti-inflammatory agents that can be used in combination with the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, methyl prednisolone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, fluticasone propionate, 6,9-difluoro-17-[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11-hydroxy-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene-17-carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester, 6,9-difluoro-11-hydroxy-16-methyl-3-oxo-17-propionyloxy-androsta-1,4-diene-17-carbothioic acid S-(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3 S-yl) ester, beclomethasone esters (e.g. the 17-propionate ester or the 17,21-dipropionate ester), budesonide, flunisolide, mometasone esters (e.g. the furoate ester), triamcinolone acetonide, rofleponide, ciclesonide, butixocort propionate, RPR-106541, ST-126 and the like, or pharmaceutically-accetable salts thereof. In a particular embodiment, the steroidal anti-inflammatory agent is 6α,9α-difluoro-17α-[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11β-hydroxy-16α-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene-17β-carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. When employed, the steriodal anti-inflammatory agent will be present in the pharmaceutical composition in a therapeutically effective amount. Typically, the steroidal anti-inflammatory agent will be present in an amount sufficient to provide from about 0.05 μg to about 500 μg per dose.

Other suitable combinations include, for example, other anti-inflammatory agents, e.g., NSAIDs (such as sodium cromoglycate; nedocromil sodium; phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors (e.g. theophylline, PDE4 inhibitors or mixed PDE3/PDE4 inhibitors); leukotriene antagonists (e.g. monteleukast); inhibitors of leukotriene synthesis; iNOS inhibitors; protease inhibitors, such as tryptase and elastase inhibitors; beta-2 integrin antagonists and adenosine receptor agonists or antagonists (e.g. adenosine 2a agonists); cytokine antagonists (e.g. chemokine antagonists such as, an interleukin antibody (IL antibody), specifically, an IL-4 therapy, an IL-13 therapy, or a combination thereof); or inhibitors of cytokine synthesis.

For example, representative phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors or mixed PDE3/PDE4 inhibitors that can be used in combination with the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to cis 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-carboxylic acid, 2-carbomethoxy-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-one; cis-[4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-ol]; cis-4-cyano-4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid and the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Other representative PDE4 or mixed PDE4/PDE3 inhibitors include AWD-12-281 (elbion); NCS-613 (INSERM); D-4418 (Chiroscience and Schering-Plough); CI-1018 or PD-168787 (Pfizer); benzodioxole compounds disclosed in WO99/16766 (Kyowa Hakko); K-34 (Kyowa Hakko); V-11294A (Napp); roflumilast (Byk-Gulden); pthalazinone compounds disclosed in WO99/47505 (Byk-Gulden); Pumafentrine (Byk-Gulden, now Altana); arofylline (Almirall-Prodesfarma); VM554/UM565 (Vernalis); T-440 (Tanabe Seiyaku); and T2585 (Tanabe Seiyaku).

Representative muscarinic antagonists (i.e., anticholinergic agents) that can be used in combination with, and in addition to, the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, atropine, atropine sulfate, atropine oxide, methylatropine nitrate, homatropine hydrobromide, hyoscyamine (d, l) hydrobromide, scopolamine hydrobromide, ipratropium bromide, oxitropium bromide, tiotropium bromide, methantheline, propantheline bromide, anisotropine methyl bromide, clidinium bromide, copyrrolate (Robinul), isopropamide iodide, mepenzolate bromide, tridihexethyl chloride (Pathilone), hexocyclium methylsulfate, cyclopentolate hydrochloride, tropicamide, trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, pirenzepine, telenzepine, AF-DX 116 and methoctramine and the like, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or, for those compounds listed as a salt, alternate pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Representative antihistamines (i.e., H₁-receptor antagonists) that can be used in combination with the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, ethanolamines, such as carbinoxamine maleate, clemastine fumarate, diphenylhydramine hydrochloride and dimenhydrinate; ethylenediamines, such as pyrilamine amleate, tripelennamine hydrochloride and tripelennamine citrate; alkylamines, such as chlorpheniramine and acrivastine; piperazines, such as hydroxyzine hydrochloride, hydroxyzine pamoate, cyclizine hydrochloride, cyclizine lactate, meclizine hydrochloride and cetirizine hydrochloride; piperidines, such as astemizole, levocabastine hydrochloride, loratadine or its descarboethoxy analogue, terfenadine and fexofenadine hydrochloride; azelastine hydrochloride; and the like, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or, for those compounds listed as a salt, alternate pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Suitable doses for the other therapeutic agents administered in combination with a compound of the invention are in the range of about 0.05 mg/day to about 100 mg/day.

The following formulations illustrate representative pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention:

FORMULATION EXAMPLE A

A dry powder for administration by inhalation is prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Salt of the invention 0.2 mg Lactose  25 mg

Representative Procedure: The compound of the invention is micronized and then blended with lactose. This blended mixture is then loaded into a gelatin inhalation cartridge. The contents of the cartridge are administered using a powder inhaler.

FORMULATION EXAMPLE B

A dry powder formulation for use in a dry powder inhalation device is prepared as follows:

Representative Procedure: A pharmaceutical composition is prepared having a bulk formulation ratio of micronized salt of the invention to lactose of 1:200. The composition is packed into a dry powder inhalation device capable of delivering between about 10 μg and about 100 μg of the compound of the invention per dose.

FORMULATION EXAMPLE C

A dry powder for administration by inhalation in a metered dose inhaler is prepared as follows:

Representative Procedure: A suspension containing 5 wt. % of a salt of the invention and 0.1 wt. % lecithin is prepared by dispersing 10 g of the compound of the invention as micronized particles with mean size less than 10 μm in a solution formed from 0.2 g of lecithin dissolved in 200 mL of demineralized water. The suspension is spray dried and the resulting material is micronized to particles having a mean diameter less than 1.5 μm. The particles are loaded into cartridges with pressurized 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.

FORMULATION EXAMPLE D

A pharmaceutical composition for use in a metered dose inhaler is prepared as follows:

Representative Procedure: A suspension containing 5% salt of the invention, 0.5% lecithin, and 0.5% trehalose is prepared by dispersing 5 g of active ingredient as micronized particles with mean size less than 10 m in a colloidal solution formed from 0.5 g of trehalose and 0.5 g of lecithin dissolved in 100 mL of demineralized water. The suspension is spray dried and the resulting material is micronized to particles having a mean diameter less than 1.5 μm. The particles are loaded into canisters with pressurized 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.

FORMULATION EXAMPLE E

A pharmaceutical composition for use in a nebulizer inhaler is prepared as follows:

Representative Procedure: An aqueous aerosol formulation for use in a nebulizer is prepared by dissolving 0.1 mg of the salt of the invention in 1 mL of a 0.9% sodium chloride solution acidified with citric acid. The mixture is stirred and sonicated until the active ingredient is dissolved. The pH of the solution is adjusted to a value in the range of from 3 to 8 by the slow addition of NaOH.

FORMULATION EXAMPLE F

Hard gelatin capsules for oral administration are prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Salt of the invention 250 mg Lactose (spray-dried) 200 mg Magnesium stearate  10 mg

Representative Procedure: The ingredients are throughly blended and then loaded into a hard gelatine capsule (460 mg of composition per capsule).

FORMULATION EXAMPLE G

A suspension for oral administration is prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Salt of the invention 1.0 g Fumaric acid 0.5 g Sodium chloride 2.0 g Methyl paraben 0.15 g Propyl paraben 0.05 g Granulated sugar 25.5 g Sorbitol (70% solution) 12.85 g Veegum k (Vanderbilt Co.) 1.0 g Flavoring 0.035 mL Colorings 0.5 mg Distilled water q.s. to 100 mL

Representative Procedure: The ingredients are mixed to form a suspension containing 100 mg of active ingredient per 10 mL of suspension.

FORMULATION EXAMPLE H

An injectable formulation is prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Salt of the invention 0.2 g Sodium acetate buffer solution (0.4 M) 2.0 mL HCl (0.5 N) or NaOH (0.5 N) q.s. to pH 4 Water (distilled, sterile) q.s. to 20 mL

Representative Procedure: The above ingredients are blended and the pH is adjusted to 4±0.5 using 0.5 N HCl or 0.5 N NaOH.

Utility

The compound of formula I possesses both β₂ adrenergic receptor agonist and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity and therefore, a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula I of the present invention is expected to be useful for treating medical conditions mediated by β₂ adrenergic receptors or muscarinic receptors, i.e., medical conditions that are ameliorated by treatment with a β₂ adrenergic receptor agonist or a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Such medical conditions include, by way of example, pulmonary disorders or diseases associated with reversible airway obstruction, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (e.g., chronic and wheezy bronchitis and emphysema), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and the like. Other conditions which are expected to be treated include premature labor, depression, congestive heart failure, skin diseases (e.g., inflammatory, allergic, psoriatic and proliferative skin diseases, conditions where lowering peptic acidity is desirable (e.g., peptic and gastric ulceration) and muscle wasting disease.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, this invention is directed to a method for treating a pulmonary disorder, the method comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of pharmaceutical composition prepared from a crystalline salt of this invention, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof. (It being understood by those skilled in the art that, after preparation or processing, a pharmaceutical composition prepared from a crystalline salt may or may not contain the salt in crystalline form). When used to treat a pulmonary disorder, a salt of this invention will typically be administered by inhalation in multiple doses per day, in a single daily dose or a single weekly dose. Generally, the dose for treating a pulmonary disorder will range from about 10 μg/day to about 200 μg/day.

When administered by inhalation, the compounds of this invention typically have the effect of producing bronchodilation. Accordingly, in another of its method aspects, this invention is directed to a method of producing bronchodilation in a patient, the method comprising administering to a patient a bronchodilation-producing amount of the pharmaceutical composition. Generally, the dose for producing brochodilation will range from about 10 μg/day to about 200 μg/day.

In one embodiment, this invention is directed to a method of treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, the method comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition. When used to treat a COPD or asthma, a salt of this invention will typically be administered by inhalation in multiple doses per day or in a single daily dose. Generally, the dose for treating COPD or asthma will range from about 10 μg/day to about 200 μg/day. As used herein, COPD includes chronic obstructive bronchitis and emphysema (see, for example, Barnes, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, N Engl J Med 2000: 343:269-78).

When used to treat a pulmonary disorder, a salt of this invention is optionally administered in combination with other therapeutic agents. Accordingly, in a particular embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of this invention further comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.

The properties and utility of the naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of this invention can be demonstrated using various in vitro and in vivo assays well-known to those skilled in the art. For example, representative assays are described in further detail in the following Examples.

EXAMPLES

The following Preparations and Examples are provided to illustrate specific embodiments of this invention. These specific embodiments, however, are not intended to limit the scope of this invention in any way unless specifically indicated.

The following abbreviations have the following meanings unless otherwise indicated and any other abbreviations used herein and not defined have their standard meaning:

AC adenylyl cyclase Ach acetylcholine ATCC American Type Culture Collection BSA bovine serum albumin cAMP 3′-5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate CHO Chinese hamster ovary cM₅ cloned chimpanzee M₅ receptor DCM dichloromethane (i.e., methylene chloride) DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine dPBS Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Emax maximal efficacy EtOAc ethyl acetate EtOH ethanol FBS fetal bovine serum FLIPR fluorometric imaging plate reader Gly glycine HATU O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate HBSS Hank's buffered salt solution HEK human embryonic kidney cells HEPES 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid hM₁ cloned human M₁ receptor hM₂ cloned human M₂ receptor hM₃ cloned human M₃ receptor hM₄ cloned human M₄ receptor hM₅ cloned human M₅ receptor HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography IBMX 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine % Eff % efficacy PBS phosphate buffered saline PyBOP benzotriazol-1-yloxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate rpm rotations per minute TFA trifluoroacetic acid THF tetrahydrofuran Tris tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane

Unless noted otherwise, reagents, starting materials and solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers (such as Aldrich, Fluka, Sigma and the like) and were used without further purification.

In the examples described below, HPLC analysis was conducted using an Agilent (Palo Alto, Calif.) Series 1100 instrument with Zorbax Bonus RP 2.1×50 mm columns, supplied by Agilent, (a C14 column), having a 3.5 micron particle size. Detection was by UV absorbance at 214 nm. HPLC 10-70 data was obtained with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/minute of 10%-70% B over 6 minutes. Mobile phase A was 2%-98%-0.1% ACN-H₂O-TFA; and mobile phase B was 90%-10%-0.1% ACN-H₂O-TFA. Using the mobile phases A and B described above, HPLC 5-35 data and HPLC 10-90 data were obtained with a 5 minute gradient.

Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) data were obtained with an Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.) model API-150EX instrument. LCMS 10-90 data was obtained with a 10%-90% mobile phase B over a 5 minute gradient.

Small scale purification was conducted using an API 150EX Prep Workstation system from Applied Biosystems. The mobile phase was A: water+0.05% v/v TFA; and B: acetonitrile+0.05% v/v TFA. For arrays (typically about 3 to 50 mg recovered sample size) the following conditions were used: 20 mL/min flow rate; 15 min gradients and a 20 mm×50 mm Prism RP column with 5 micron particles (Thermo Hypersil-Keystone, Bellefonte, Pa.). For larger scale purifications (typically greater than 100 mg crude sample), the following conditions were used: 60 mL/min flow rate; 30 min gradients and a 41.4 mm×250 mm Microsorb BDS column with 10 micron particles (Varian, Palo Alto, Calif.).

The specific rotation for chiral compounds (indicated as [α]²⁰ _(D)) was measured using a Jasco Polarimeter (Model P-1010) with a tungsten halogen light source and a 589 nm filter at 20° C. Samples of test compounds were typically measured at 1 mg/mL water.

Preparation 1

8-Acetoxy-1H-quinolin-2-one

8-Hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (160.0 g, 1.0 mol), commercially available from Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis., and acetic anhydride (800 mL, 8.4 mol) were heated at 100° C. for 3 h and then cooled in ice. The product was collected on a Buchner funnel, washed with acetic anhydride (2=100 mL) and dried under reduced pressure to give 8-acetoxy-1H-quinolin-2-one (144 g) as a solid.

Preparation 2

5-Acetyl-8-hydroxy-1H-quinolin-2-one

A slurry of aluminum chloride (85.7 g, 640 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (280 mL) was cooled in ice, and the product of step (a) (56.8 g, 280 mmol) was added. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and then heated at 85° C. After 30 min, acetyl chloride (1.5 mL, 21 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated an additional 60 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled and added to 1N hydrochloric acid (3 L) at 0° C. with good stirring. After stirring for 2 h, the solids were collected on a Buchner funnel, washed with water (3×250 mL) and dried under reduced pressure. The crude product isolated from several batches (135 g) was combined and triturated with dichloromethane (4 L) for 6 h. The product was collected on a Buchner funnel and dried under reduced pressure to give 5-acetyl-8-hydroxy-1H-quinolin-2-one (121 g).

Preparation 3

5-Acetyl-8-benzyloxy-1H-quinolin-2-one

To the product of Preparation 2 (37.7 g, 186 mmol) was added N,N-dimethylformamide (200 mL) and potassium carbonate (34.5 g, 250 mmol) followed by benzyl bromide (31.8 g, 186 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.25 hour and then poured into saturated sodium chloride (3.5 L) at 0° C. and stirred for 1 hour. The product was collected and dried on a Buchner funnel for 1 hour, and the resulting solids were dissolved in dichloromethane (2 L) and this mixture was dried over sodium sulfate. The solution was filtered through a pad of Celite which was then washed with dichloromethane (5×200 mL). The combined filtrate was then concentrated to dryness and the resulting solids were triturated with ether (500 mL) for 2 h. The product was collected on a Buchner funnel, washed with ether (2×250 mL) and dried under reduced pressure to give 5-acetyl-8-benzyloxy-1H-quinolin-2-one (44 g) as a powder.

Preparation 4

8-Benzyloxy-5-(2-Bromoacetyl)-1H-quinolin-2-one

The product of Preparation 3 (20.0 g, 68.2 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (200 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (10.4 mL, 82.0 mmol) was added via syringe and the mixture was warmed to room temperature to give a thick suspension. The suspension was heated at 45° C. (oil bath) and a solution of bromine (11.5 g, 72.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) was added over 40 min. The mixture was kept at 45° C. for an additional 15 min and then cooled to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and then triturated with 10% aqueous sodium carbonate (200 mL) for 1 hour. The solids were collected on a Buchner funnel, washed with water (4×100 mL) and dried under reduced pressure. The product of two runs was combined for purification. The crude product (52 g) was triturated with 50% methanol in chloroform (500 mL) for 1 hour. The product was collected on a Buchner funnel and washed with 50% methanol in chloroform (2×50 mL) and methanol (2×50 mL). The solid was dried under reduced pressure to give the title compound (34.1 g) as a powder.

Preparation 5

8-Benzyloxy-5-((R)-2-bromo-1-hydroxyethyl)-1H-quinolin-2-one

(R)-(+)-α,α-Diphenylprolinol (30.0 g, 117 mmol) and trimethylboroxine (11.1 mL, 78 mmol) were combined in toluene (300 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was placed in a 150° C. oil bath and liquid was distilled off. Toluene was added in 20 mL aliquots and distillation was continued for 4 h. A total of 300 mL toluene was added. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature. A 500 μL aliquot was evaporated to dryness and weighed (246 mg) to determine that the concentration of catalyst was 1.8 M.

8-Benzyloxy 5-(2-bromoacetyl)-1H-quinolin-2-one (90.0 g, 243 mmol) was placed under nitrogen and tetrahydrofuran (900 mL) was added followed by the catalyst described above (1.8 M in toluene, 15 mL, 27 mmol). The suspension was cooled to −10±5° C. in an ice/isopropanol bath. Borane (1.0 M in THF, 294 mL, 294 mmol) was added over 4 h. The reaction was then stirred an additional 45 min at −10° C. and then methanol (250 mL) was added slowly. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in boiling acetonitrile (1.3 L), filtered while hot and then cooled to room temperature. The crystals were filtered, washed with acetonitrile and dried under vacuum to give the title compound (72.5 g, 196 mmol, 81% yield, 95% ee, 95% pure by HPLC).

Preparation 6

8-Benzyloxy-5-[(R)-2-bromo-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)ethyl]-1H-quinolin-2-one

To the product of Preparation 5 (70.2 g, 189 mmol) was added N,N-dimethylformamide (260 mL) and this mixture was cooled in an ice bath under nitrogen. 2,6-Lutidine (40.3 g, 376 mmol) was added over 5 min and then tert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (99.8 g, 378 mmol) was added slowly while maintaining the temperature below 20° C. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature for 45 min. Methanol (45 mL) was added to the mixture dropwise over 10 min and the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1:1, 500 mL) and water/brine (1:1, 500 mL). The organics were washed twice more with water/brine (1:1, 500 mL each). The combined organics were evaporated under reduced pressure to give a light yellow oil. Two separate portions of cyclohexane (400 mL) were added to the oil and distillation continued until a thick white slurry was formed. Cyclohexane (300 mL) was added to the slurry and the resulting white crystals were filtered, washed with cyclohexane (300 mL) and dried under reduced pressure to give the title compound (75.4 g, 151 mmol, 80% yield, 98.6% ee).

Preparation 7

Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid Piperidin-4-yl Ester

Biphenyl-2-isocyanate (97.5 g, 521 mmol) and 4-hydroxy-1-benzylpiperidine (105 g, 549 mmol), both commercially-available from Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis., were heated together at 70° C. for 12 h, during which time the formation of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl ester was monitored by LCMS. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 50° C. and ethanol (1 L) was added, and then 6M hydrochloric acid (191 mL) was added slowly. The reaction mixture was then cooled to ambient temperature and ammonium formate (98.5 g, 1.56 mol) was added and nitrogen gas was bubbled through the solution vigorously for 20 min. Palladium (10 wt. % (dry basis) on activated carbon) (20 g) was then added. The reaction mixture was heated at 40° C. for 12 h and then filtered through a pad of Celite. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and 1M hydrochloric acid (40 mL) was added to the crude residue. Sodium hydroxide (10N) was then added to adjust the pH to 12. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×150 mL) and dried (magnesium sulfate), and then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the title compound (155 g, 100%). HPLC (10-70) R_(t)=2.52; MS m/z: [M+H⁺] calc'd for C₁₈H₂₀N₂O₂ 297.15; found 297.3.

Preparation 8

N,N-(Di-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-9-bromononylamine

A solution of di-tert-butoxycarbonylamine (3.15 g, 14.5 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.28 mL) was cooled to 0° C. for about 10 min. Sodium hydride, 60% in mineral oil (0.58 g, 14.5 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min. The reaction mixture was removed from the ice bath and allowed to warm to room temperature for about 30 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled back down to 0° C. and a solution of 1,9-dibromononane (2.46 mL, 12.1 mmol) in dimethylformamide (100 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After 24 h, MS analysis showed that the reaction was completed. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness and diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the crude product, which was purified by chromatography on silica gel using 5% ethyl acetate in hexanes to afford the title compound. MS m/z: [M+H⁺] calcd for C₁₉H₃₆N₁O₄Br 423.18; found 423.

Preparation 9

Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-(9-Di-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)nonyl]piperidin-4-yl Ester

A mixture of 1:1 acetonitrile and N,N-dimethylformamide (50 mL) was added to the products of Preparation 7 (3.0 g, 10.1 mmol) and Preparation 8 (5.1 g, 12.2 mmol) and triethylamine (1.42 mL, 10.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 h and was monitored by LCMS analysis. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The organic layer was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic phase was then dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated to yield 6.5 g of crude oil. The oil was purified by chromatography on silica gel using 1:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate to provide the title compound (3 g). MS m/z: [M+H⁺] calcd for C₃₇H₅₅N₃O₆ 638.41; found 639.

Preparation 10

Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-(9-Aminononyl)piperidin-4-yl Ester

Trifluoroacetic acid (11 mL) was added to a solution of the product of Preparation 9 (7.2 g, 11.3 mmol) in dichloromethane (56 mL). After 2 h, LCMS analysis showed that the reaction was completed. The reaction mixture was then concentrated to dryness and diluted with ethyl acetate (75 mL). Sodium hydroxide (1N) was then added until the pH of the mixture reached 14. The organic phase was then collected and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic phase was then dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated to provide the title compound (5.5 g). MS m/z: [M+H⁺] calcd for C₂₇H₃₉N₃O₂ 438.30; found 439.

Preparation 11

Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-(8-benzyloxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)-2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl Ester

The product of Preparation 6 (3.9 g, 8.17 mmol) was added to a solution of the product of Preparation 10 (5.0 g, 11.4 mmol) in THF (20 mL), followed by sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g, 24.5 mmol) and sodium iodide (1.8 g, 12.2 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. for 72 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled, diluted with dichloromethane (20 mL) and the organic phase was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic phase was then dried (magnesium sulfate) and concentrated to give 6.5 g of a crude product. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 3% methanol in dichloromethane to provide the title compound (1.4 g, 21% yield).

Preparation 12

Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-(8-benzyloxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)-2-hydroxyethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl Ester

Triethylamine hydrogen fluoride (376 μL, 2.3 mmol) was added to a solution of the product of Preparation 11 (1.3 g, 1.5 mmol) in THF (8 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature. After 5 h, the reaction was complete as determined by LCMS analysis. The reaction mixture was then quenched with 1N NaOH until the pH was 14 and then diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and washed with 1N NaOH (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organic phase was then separated, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to yield the title compound (1.1 g).

Example 1 Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl Ester Ditrifluoroacetate

A solution of the product of Preparation 12 (1.1 g, 1.5 mmol) was flushed with nitrogen and palladium on carbon (10%, 110 mg) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred under hydrogen at balloon pressure. Analysis by LCMS showed that the reaction was completed after 9 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered and concentrated to yield a yellow solid. The solid was purified by preparative HPLC (5-30 over 60 min) to afford the title compound (510 mg). MS m/z: [M+H⁺] calcd for C₃₈H₄₈N₄O₅ 641.36; found 641. HPLC method 10-70: 3.207. [α]²⁰ _(D)=−23.6 (c=1.0 mg/mL, water).

Preparation 13

9-Bromononanal

To a 100-mL round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, addition funnel and temperature controller, under nitrogen, was added 9-bromononanol (8.92 g, 40 mmol) and dichloromethane (30 mL). The resulting mixture was cooled to 5° C. and a solution of sodium bicarbonate (0.47 g, 5.6 mmol) and potassium bromide (0.48 g, 4 mmol) in water (10 mL) was added. 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical (TEMPO) (63 mg, 0.4 mmol) was added and then a 10 to 13% bleach solution (27 mL) was added dropwise through the addition funnel at a rate such that the temperature was maintained at about 8° C. (+/−2° C.) with an ice cold bath (over about 40 min.). After addition of the bleach was complete, the mixture was stirred for 30 min. while maintaining the temperature at about 0° C. A solution of sodium bisulfite (1.54 g) in water (10 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The layers of the mixture were then separated, and the milky aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (1×20 mL). The combined dichloromethane layers were then washed with water (1×30 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduce pressure to afford the title intermediate (8.3 g, 94% yield), which was used without further purification in the next step.

Preparation 14

9-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxynonane

To a 100 mL round-bottomed flask was added 9-bromononanal (7.2 g, 32.5 mmol), methanol (30 mL) and trimethylorthoformate (4 mL, 36.5 mmol). A solution of 4N hydrochloric acid in dioxane (0.2 mL, 0.8 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and solid sodium bicarbonate (100 mg, 1.2 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was concentrated to one forth its original volume under reduced pressure and then ethyl acetate (50 mL) was added. The organic layer was washed with water (2×40 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title intermediate (8.44 g, (97% yield)) as a liquid, which as used in the next step without further purification.

Preparation 15

Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-(9,9-Dimethoxynonyl)piperidin-4-yl Ester

To a 50 mL three-necked, round-bottomed flask was added biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid piperidin-4-yl ester (1 g, 3.38 mmol) and acetonitrile (10 mL) to form a slurry. To this slurry was added 9-bromo-1,1-dimethoxynonane (1.1 g, 1.3 mmol) and triethylamine (0.57 g, 4.1 mmol) and the resulting mixture was heated at 65° C. for 6 h (the reaction was monitored by HPLC until starting material is <5%). The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature at which time the mixture formed a thick slurry. Water (5 mL) was added and the mixture was filtered to collect the solid on a coarse fritted glass filer. The solid was washed with pre-mixed solution of acetonitrile (10 mL) and water (5 mL) and then with another pre-mixed solution of acetonitrile (10 mL) and water (2 mL). The resulting solid was air dried to afford the title intermediate (1.37 g, 84%, purity >96% by LC, 1H NMR) as a white solid.

Preparation 16

Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-(9-Oxononyl)piperidin-4-yl Ester

To a 500 mL round-bottomed flask with a magnetic stirrer was added biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-(9,9-dimethoxynonyl)piperidin-4-yl ester (7.7 g, 15.9 mmol) and then acetonitrile (70 mL) and aqueous 1M hydrochloric acid (70 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then dichloromethane (200 mL) was added. This mixture was stirred for 15 min. and then the layers were separated. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduce pressure to afford the title intermediate (6.8 g), which was used in the next step without further purification.

Preparation 17

Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-(9-{Benzyl-[(R)-2-(8-benzyloxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)-2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)ethyl]amino}nonyl)-piperidin-4-yl Ester

To a 300 mL round-bottomed flask was added 5-[(R)-2-benzylamino-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)ethyl]-8-benzyloxy-1H-quinolin-2-one (5 g, 9.73 mmol), dichloromethane (100 mL) and glacial acetic acid (0.6 mL, 10 mmol). This mixture was cooled to 0° C. using an ice bath and biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-(9-oxononyl)piperidin-4-yl ester (4.6 g, 9.73 mmol) was added with stirring. This mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (6.15 g, 29 mmol) was added in portions over 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. to 10° C. for 2 hours and then aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (50 mL) was added and this mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. The layers were then separated and the organic layer was washed with 5% aqueous sodium chloride solution (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduce pressure to afford the title intermediate (8.5 g, 80% purity by HPLC), which was used without further purification.

Preparation 18

Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-(tert-Butyldimethylsilanyloxy)-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl Ester

To a 200 mL round-bottomed flask was added the intermediate from Preparation 17 (8.5 g, 9 mmol), ethanol (100 mL) and glacial acetic acid (0.54 mL, 18 mmol) and this mixture was stirred until the solid dissolved. The reaction mixture was purged with hydrogen for 5 min. and then 10% palladium on carbon (1.7 g) was added. This mixture was stirred at room temperature while hydrogen was slowly bubbling through the reaction mixture until >95% conversion was observed by HPLC (about 8-9 h). The mixture was then filtered through a Celite pad and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (15 g silica/1 g crude) using 5% MeOH in DCM/0.5% NH₄OH (10×150 mL), 8% MeOH in DCM/0.5% NH₄OH (10×150 mL) and 10% MeOH in DCM/0.5% NH₄OH (10×150 mL). The appropriate fractions were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure while maintaining the temperature <35° C. to give the title intermediate (4.05 g, 97% purity).

Example 2 Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-Hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl Ester

To a 200 mL round-bottomed flask was added the intermediate from Preparation 18 (4.05 g, 5.36 mmol) and dichloromethane (80 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred until the solid dissolved. Triethylamine trihydrofluoride (2.6 mL, 16 mmol) was added and stirring was continued under nitrogen for 18 to 20 h. Methanol (20 mL) was added and then saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) was added slowly and the mixture was stirred for 15 min. The layers were then separated and the organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduce pressure to afford the title compound (3.5 g, 98% purity by HPLC) as a yellow solid.

Example 3 Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-Hydroxy-2-(8-Hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl Ester Naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic Acid Salt

Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester (1.0 g, 1.56 mmol, free base) was dissolved in methanol (10 mL; low water content). A solution of naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid (0.45 g, 1.56 mmol) in methanol (5 mL; low water content) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 30° C. for two hours and then at room temperature overnight (18 h). The resulting thick slurry was filtered and the filtrate cake was washed with methanol (5 mL) and then dried to give the title compound (1.16 g, 80% yield) as off-white crystalline solid.

When examined under a microscope using polarized light, the crystals exhibited birefringence and appeared to have plate/granular morphology, as illustrated in the micrographic image of FIG. 5.

Preparation 19

8-Benzyloxy-5-[(R)-2-(N-benzylamino)-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)ethyl]-1H-quinolin-2-one

To a 500 mL three-necked round-bottom flask was added 8-benzyloxy-5-[(R)-2-bromo-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)ethyl]-1H-quinolin-2-one (43 g, 0.124 mol, about 95% chiral purity), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (210 mL) and benzylamine (28.3 g, 0.37 mol). The resulting mixture was flushed with nitrogen and then stirred at 90° C. for 6 hours. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and water (300 mL) and ethyl acetate (300 mL) were added. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), a 1:1 mixture of water and aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution (200 mL), and water (200 mL). The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as an orange oil.

To the orange oil was added heptane (200 mL) and ethyl acetate (200 mL) and the resulting mixture was heated to 65° C. to produce a clear solution. This solution was cooled to room temperature and allowed to stand overnight (about 16 hours) at which time a precipitate had formed. The precipitate was collected by filtration to give stereochemically-impure title compound (8.85 g, 79.6% ee). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (38.6 g, 99.4% ee). This material was combined with a previous batch of material (19.2 g, 99.5% ee) and heptane (250 mL) and ethyl acetate (100 mL) were added. This mixture was heated to 80° C. (hazy to clear solution) and then cooled to room temperature and allowed to stand overnight. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration to afford the title compound as a white solid (36.8 g. 98.4% ee, 99.9% chemical purity). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in heptane (100 mL). The resulting solids were collected to give the title compound as a tan solid (24 g, 100% chiral purity, 95% chemical purity).

Example 4 Biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic Acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-Hydroxy-2-(8-Hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl Ester Naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic Acid Salt

To a 200-mL round-bottomed flask was added biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-(9,9-dimethoxynonyl)piperidin-4-yl ester (20 g, 41.8 mmol) and acetonitrile 50 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred to form a slurry and then 3 N hydrochloric acid (17 mL) was added. Stirring was continued for 1 hour at which time the mixture was a clear solution.

To a three-necked 500-mL round-bottomed flask was added 8-benzyloxy-5-[(R)-2-(N-benzylamino)-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)ethyl]-1H-quinolin-2-one (19.16 g, 37.28 mmol), acetonitrile (75 mL) and glacial acetic acid (2.4 mL). This mixture was stirred for 15 min. The clear solution prepared above was then added and the resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C. and stirred for 15 min. A slurry of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (13.3 g, 62.7 mmol) in acetonitrile (75 mL) (which had been previously prepared and stirred for 1 hour) was then added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours. During this time, the mixture was allowed to warm from 0° C. to room temperature. A 1M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (150 mL, 150 mmol) was then added via an addition funnel to form a biphasic mixture. The layers were separated and the organic layer was concentrated to about half its original weight (i.e., from about 172 g to 92 g) to provide a solution of crude biphenyl-2-yl-carbamic acid 1-(9-{benzyl-[(R)-2-(8-benzyloxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)-2-(tert-butyldimethyl-silanyloxy)ethyl]amino}nonyl)piperidin-4-yl ester.

To a 500-mL round-bottomed flask was added a sample of the crude solution of biphenyl-2-yl-carbamic acid 1-(9-{benzyl-[(R)-2-(8-benzyloxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)-2-(tert-butyldimethyl-silanyloxy)ethyl]amino}nonyl)piperidin-4-yl ester (50 mL containing about 17.5 g, 18.5 mmol) and methanol (150 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred until homogeneous (if necessary, any undissolved solids can be removed by filtration through a pad of Celite). The flask was then purged with hydrogen gas for 5 minutes and then palladium hydroxide (3.5 g, 20% Pd (dry basis) on carbon, 60% water) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature while hydrogen gas was slowly bubbled through the mixture for about 5 hours (>98% conversion by HPLC). The reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of Celite and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give crude biphenyl-2-yl-carbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester as a yellow solid (16 g).

To a 500-mL round-bottomed flask was added the crude biphenyl-2-yl-carbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester (16 g, 18.5 mmol) and THF (100 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred until the compound dissolved (about 10 min). A 1M solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (37 μL, 37 mmol) in THF was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 40° C. under nitrogen for 6 to 7 hours (>98% conversion by HPLC). The mixture was then cooled to 30° C., and a solution of naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid (4.26 g, 14.8 mmol, recrystallized from acetonitrile) in methanol (100 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 30° C. for 3 to 4 hours and then at room temperature for 2 hours. The resulting crystalline solid was then collected by filtration, washed with methanol (20 mL) and air dried to give the title compound as an off-white crystalline solid (8 g).

The crystalline solid was then re-slurried in a 20% mixture of methanol in water (80 mL total) and stirred for 24 hours. The crystalline solid was then collected by filtration and dried to give the title compound as a crystalline solid (7.1 g, >98% purity by HPLC).

Example 5 X-Ray Powder Diffraction

X-Ray powder diffraction patterns were obtained with a Shimadzu 6000 diffractometer using Cu Kα (40.0 kV, 35.0 mA) radiation. The analysis was typically performed with the goniometer running in continuous-scan mode of 2°/min with a step size of 0.02° over a range of 4 to 45° in two-theta angle. Samples were prepared on glass specimen holders as a thin layer of powdered material. The instrument was calibrated to a silicon metal standard. A smoothing and background subtraction process was performed on the raw spectrum according to standard procedures. A representative XRPD pattern for a sample of a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}-piperidin-4-yl ester (prepared as described in Example 3) is shown in FIG. 1.

Example 6 Thermal Analysis

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed using a TA Instruments Model Q-10 module with a Thermal Analyst controller. Data were collected and analyzed using TA Instruments Thermal Solutions software. A sample of about 1 mg was accurately weighed into an aluminum pan with lid. The sample was evaluated using a linear heating ramp of 5° C./min from ambient temperature to approximately 300° C. The DSC cell was purged with dry nitrogen during use. A representative DSC trace for a sample of crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}-piperidin-4-yl ester (prepared as described in Example 3) is shown in FIG. 2.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a TA Instruments Model Q-50 module equipped with Hi-Resolution capability. Data were collected and analyzed using TA Instruments Thermal Solutions software. A sample weighing about 10 mg was placed onto a platinum pan and scanned with a high resolution-heating rate from ambient temperature to 300° C. The balance and furnace chambers were purged with nitrogen flows during use. A representative TGA trace for a sample of crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}-piperidin-4-yl ester (prepared as described in Example 3) is shown in FIG. 2.

The DSC trace demonstrates that a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the present invention has excellent thermal stability with the melting peak at about 220° C. and no thermal decomposition below 200° C. The DSC trace shows an onset of endothermic heat flow at about 200° C. The TGA trace indicates that a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the present invention lost a small amount (about 1.8%) in weight from room temperature to 150° C., which is consistent with the loss of residual moisture or solvent.

Example 7 Dynamic Moisture Sorption Assessment

Dynamic Moisture Sorption Gravimetry (DMSG or DMS) assessment (also known as a moisture sorption-desorption profile) was determined for a sample of a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester (prepared as described in Example 3) using a VTI atmospheric microbalance, SGA-100 system. Approximately 10 mg of sample was used in the microbalance and the sample was run as received. The humidity was set at ambient condition on the day the analysis began. A typical DMSG analysis consisted of three scans: ambient to 2% relative humidity (RH), 2% RH to 90% RH, 90% RH to 5% RH. The scan rate was 5% RH/step. The mass was measured every two minutes using an equilibrium window of 5 points within 0.01% of the initial sample weight. The RH was changed to the next value (+/−5% RH) when the mass of the sample was stable to within 0.01% for 5 consecutive points. A representative DMSG trace is shown in FIG. 3.

The DMS trace demonstrates that a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of the present invention has a reversible sorption/desorption profile with moderate (<5%) hygroscopicity. The salt has an acceptable 3.7% weight gain when it exposed to a broad humidity range from 2% RH up to 90% RH and it has a less than 1.5% weight gain in the humidity range of 40% RH to 75% RH. The reversible moisture sorption/desorption profile demonstrates that the crystalline salt of the present invention possesses an acceptable hygroscopicity and is not deliquescent.

Example 8 Infrared Analysis

The infrared (IR) absorption spectrum was determined over the wave number (υ) range 4000 to 675 cm⁻¹ using an Avatar 360 FT-IR spectrometer equipped with a Nicolet omnis sample attenuated total reflection (ATR) sample holder. A representative IR absorption spectra for a sample of a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester (prepared as described in Example 3) is shown in FIG. 4.

Example 9 Solid State Stability Assessment

Samples of a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester (prepared as described in Example 3), about 1-2 mg each, were sealed in 10 mL borosilicate vials. The vials were stored at −20° C., 5° C., 40° C. and 75% RH, and at 80° C. At specific intervals, two vials were removed from storage and the entire contents of each vial was analyzed by the following HPLC method: column: 150×4.6 mm Ace-3 (MacMod); Mobile Phase A: 98% formate buffer, 2% acetonitrile; Mobile Phase B: 10% formate buffer, 90% acetonitrile; formate buffer: 10 mM ammonium formate buffer, pH 3.8 adjusted with formic acid; flow rate: 1.2 mL/min; gradient: 0 to 40% B over 40 min, 40 to 100% B over 25 min, 100 to 0% B over 1 min; 0% B for 7 min; detection wavelength: 258 nm, injection volume: 10 μL; sample concentration: 0.5 mg/mL in 1:1 MPA:MPB.

The initial purity of the samples was 99.4% as determined by HPLC area percentage. After 28 days of storage, there was no observable change in chemical purity for the samples kept at −20° C., 5° C., and at 40° C. and 75% RH. The sample stored at 80° C. had a purity of 94.8% after 10 days.

Preparation A

Cell Culture and Membrane Preparation From Cells Expressing Human β₁, β₂ or β₃ Adrenergic Receptors

Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cell lines stably expressing cloned human β₁, β₂ or β₃ adrenergic receptors, respectively, were grown to near confluency in Hams F-12 media with 10% FBS in the presence of 500 μg/mL Geneticin. The cell monolayer was lifted with 2 mM EDTA in PBS. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 1,000 rpm, and cell pellets were either stored frozen at −80° C. or membranes were prepared immediately for use. For preparation of β₁ and β₂ receptor expressing membranes, cell pellets were re-suspended in lysis buffer (10 mM HEPES/HCl, 10 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 at 4° C.) and homogenized using a tight-fitting Dounce glass homogenizer (30 strokes) on ice. For the more protease-sensitive β₃ receptor expressing membranes, cell pellets were homogenated in lysis buffer (10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4) supplemented with one tablet of “Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Tablets with 2 mM EDTA” per 50 mL buffer (Roche Catalog No. 1697498, Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.). The homogenate was centrifuged at 20,000×g, and the resulting pellet was washed once with lysis buffer by re-suspension and centrifugation as above. The final pellet was then re-suspended in ice-cold binding assay buffer (75 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.4, 12.5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EDTA). The protein concentration of the membrane suspension was determined by the methods described in Lowry et al., 1951, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265; and Bradford, Analytical Biochemistry, 1976, 72, 248-54. All membranes were stored frozen in aliquots at −80° C. or used immediately.

Preparation B

Cell Culture and Membrane Preparation From Cells Expressing Human M₁, M₂, M₃ and M₄ Muscarinic Receptors

CHO cell lines stably expressing cloned human hM₁, hM₂, hM₃ and hM₄ muscarinic receptor subtypes, respectively, were grown to near confluency in HAM's F-12 media supplemented with 10% FBS and 250 μg/mL Geneticin. The cells were grown in a 5% CO₂, 37° C. incubator and lifted with 2 mM EDTA in dPBS. Cells were collected by 5 minute centrifugation at 650×g, and cell pellets were either stored frozen at −80° C. or membranes were prepared immediately for use. For membrane preparation, cell pellets were resuspended in lysis buffer and homogenized with a Polytron PT-2100 tissue disrupter (Kinematica AG; 20 seconds×2 bursts). Crude membranes were centrifuged at 40,000×g for 15 minutes at 4° C. The membrane pellet was then resuspended with re-suspension buffer and homogenized again with the Polytron tissue disrupter. The protein concentration of the membrane suspension was determined by the method described in Lowry et al., 1951, Journal of Biochemistry, 193, 265. All membranes were stored frozen in aliquots at −80° C. or used immediately. Aliquots of prepared hM₅ receptor membranes were purchased directly from Perkin Elmer and stored at −80° C. until use.

Assay Test Procedure A

Radioligand Binding Assay for Human β₁, β₂ and β₃ Adrenergic Receptors

Binding assays were performed in 96-well microtiter plates in a total assay volume of 100 μL with 10-15 μg of membrane protein containing the human β₁, β₂ or β₃ adrenergic receptors in assay buffer (75 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.4 at 25° C., 12.5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EDTA, 0.2% BSA). Saturation binding studies for determination of K_(d) values of the radioligand were done using [³H]-dihydroalprenolol (NET-720, 100 Ci/mmol, PerkinElmer Life Sciences Inc., Boston, Mass.) for the β₁ and β₂ receptors and [¹²⁵I]-(−)-iodocyanopindolol (NEX-189, 220 Ci/mmol, PerkinElmer Life Sciences Inc., Boston, Mass.) at 10 or 11 different concentrations ranging from 0.01 nM to 20 nM. Displacement assays for determination of K_(i) values of test compounds were done with [³H]-dihydroalprenolol at 1 nM and [¹²⁵I]-(−)-iodocyanopindolol at 0.5 nM for 10 or 11 different concentrations of test compound ranging from 10 pM to 10 μM. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 10 μM propranolol. Assays were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C., and then binding reactions were terminated by rapid filtration over GF/B for the β₁ and β₂ receptors or GF/C glass fiber filter plates for the β₃ receptors (Packard BioScience Co., Meriden, Conn.) presoaked in 0.3% polyethyleneimine. Filter plates were washed three times with filtration buffer (75 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.4 at 4° C., 12.5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EDTA) to remove unbound radioactivity. The plates were then dried and 50 μL of Microscint-20 liquid scintillation fluid (Packard BioScience Co., Meriden, Conn.) was added and plates were counted in a Packard Topcount liquid scintillation counter (Packard BioScience Co., Meriden, Conn.). Binding data were analyzed by nonlinear regression analysis with the GraphPad Prism Software package (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) using the 3-parameter model for one-site competition. The curve minimum was fixed to the value for nonspecific binding, as determined in the presence of 10 μM propranolol. K_(i) values for test compounds were calculated from observed IC₅₀ values and the K_(d) value of the radioligand using the Cheng-Prusoff equation (Cheng Y, and Prusoff W H., Biochemical Pharmacology, 1973, 22, 23, 3099-108).

In this assay, a lower K_(i) value indicates that a test compound has a higher binding affinity for the receptor tested. The compound of formula I was found to have a K_(i) value of less than about 10 nM for the β₂ adrenergic receptor.

Assay Test Procedure B

Radioligand Binding Assay for Muscarinic Receptors

Radioligand binding assays for cloned human muscarinic receptors were performed in 96-well microtiter plates in a total assay volume of 100 μL. CHO cell membranes stably expressing either the hM₁, hM₂, hM₃, hM₄ or hM₅ muscarinic subtype were diluted in assay buffer to the following specific target protein concentrations (μg/well): 10 μg for hM₁, 10-15 μg for hM₂, 10-20 μg for hM₃, 10-20 μg for hM₄, and 10-12 μg for hM₅ to get similar signals (cpm). The membranes were briefly homogenized using a Polytron tissue disruptor (10 seconds) prior to assay plate addition. Saturation binding studies for determining K_(D) values of the radioligand were performed using L-[N-methyl-³H]scopolamine methyl chloride ([³H]-NMS) (TRK666, 84.0 Ci/mmol, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Buckinghamshire, England) at concentrations ranging from 0.001 nM to 20 nM. Displacement assays for determination of K_(i) values of test compounds were performed with [³H]-NMS at 1 nM and eleven different test compound concentrations. The test compounds were initially dissolved to a concentration of 400 μM in dilution buffer and then serially diluted 5× with dilution buffer to final concentrations ranging from 10 pM to 100 μM. The addition order and volumes to the assay plates were as follows: 25 μL radioligand, 25 μL diluted test compound, and 50 μL membranes. Assay plates were incubated for 60 minutes at 37° C. Binding reactions were terminated by rapid filtration over GF/B glass fiber filter plates (PerkinElmer Inc., Wellesley, Mass.) pre-treated in 1% BSA. Filter plates were rinsed three times with wash buffer (10 mM HEPES) to remove unbound radioactivity. The plates were then air dried and 50 μL Microscint-20 liquid scintillation fluid (PerkinElmer Inc., Wellesley, Mass.) was added to each well. The plates were then counted in a PerkinElmer Topcount liquid scintillation counter (PerkinElmer Inc., Wellesley, Mass.). Binding data were analyzed by nonlinear regression analysis with the GraphPad Prism Software package (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) using the one-site competition model. K_(i) values for test compounds were calculated from observed IC₅₀ values and the K_(D) value of the radioligand using the Cheng-Prusoff equation (Cheng Y; Prusoff W H. (1973) Biochemical Pharmacology, 22(23): 3099-108). K_(i) values were converted to pK_(i) values to determine the geometric mean and 95% confidence intervals. These summary statistics were then converted back to K_(i) values for data reporting.

In this assay, a lower K_(i) value indicates that the test compound has a higher binding affinity for the receptor tested. The compound of formula I was found to have a K_(i) value of less than about 10 nM for the M₃ muscarinic receptor.

Assay Test Procedure C

Whole-cell cAMP Flashplate Assay in CHO Cell Lines Heterologously Expressing Human β₁, β₂ or β₃ Adrenergic Receptors

cAMP assays were performed in a radioimmunoassay format using the Flashplate Adenylyl Cyclase Activation Assay System with [¹²⁵]-cAMP (NEN SMP004, PerkinElmer Life Sciences Inc., Boston, Mass.), according to the manufacturers instructions. For the determination of β receptor agonist potency (EC₅₀), CHO-K1 cell lines stably expressing cloned human β₁, β₂ or β₃ adrenergic receptors were grown to near confluency in HAM's F-12 media supplemented with 10% FBS and Geneticin (250 μg/mL). Cells were rinsed with PBS and detached in dPBS (Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline, without CaCl₂ and MgCl₂) containing 2 mM EDTA or Trypsin-EDTA solution (0.05% trypsin/0.53 mM EDTA). After counting cells in Coulter cell counter, cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 1,000 rpm and re-suspended in stimulation buffer containing IBMX (PerkinElmer Kit) pre-warmed to room temperature to a concentration of 1.6×10⁶ to 2.8×10⁶ cells/mL. About 60,000 to 80,000 cells per well were used in this assay. Test compounds (10 mM in DMSO) were diluted into PBS containing 0.1% BSA in Beckman Biomek-2000 and tested at 11 different concentrations ranging from 100 μM to 1 pM. Reactions were incubated for 10 min at 37° C. and stopped by adding 100 μL of cold detection buffer containing [¹²⁵I]-cAMP (NEN SMP004, PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Boston, Mass.). The amount of cAMP produced (pmol/well) was calculated based on the counts observed for the samples and cAMP standards as described in the manufacturer's user manual. Data were analyzed by nonlinear regression analysis with the GraphPad Prism Software package (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) with the sigmoidal equation. The Cheng-Prusoff equation (Cheng Y, and Prusoff W H., Biochemical Pharmacology, 1973, 22, 23, 3099-108) was used to calculate the EC50 values.

In this assay, a lower EC₅₀ value indicates that the test compound has a higher functional activity at the receptor tested. The compound of formula I was found to have EC₅₀ values of less than 10 nM.

Assay Test Procedure D

Functional Assays of Antagonism for Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes

A. Blockade of Agonist-Mediated Inhibition of cAMP Accumulation

In this assay, the functional potency of a test compound is determined by measuring the ability of the test compound to block oxotremorine-inhibition of forskolin-mediated cAMP accumulation in CHO-K1 cells expressing the hM₂ receptor. cAMP assays are performed in a radioimmunoassay format using the Flashplate Adenylyl Cyclase Activation Assay System with ¹²⁵I-cAMP (NEN SMP004B, PerkinElmer Life Sciences Inc., Boston, Mass.), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cells are rinsed once with dPBS and lifted with Trypsin-EDTA solution (0.05% trypsin/0.53 mM EDTA) as described in the Cell Culture and Membrane Preparation section above. The detached cells are washed twice by centrifugation at 650×g for five minutes in 50 mL dPBS. The cell pellet is then re-suspended in 10 mL dPBS, and the cells are counted with a Coulter Z1 Dual Particle Counter (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Calif.). The cells are centrifuged again at 650×g for five minutes and re-suspended in stimulation buffer to an assay concentration of 1.6×10⁶-2.8×10⁶ cells/mL.

The test compound is initially dissolved to a concentration of 400 μM in dilution buffer (dPBS supplemented with 1 mg/mL BSA (0.1%)), and then serially diluted with dilution buffer to final molar concentrations ranging from 100 μM to 0.1 nM. Oxotremorine is diluted in a similar manner.

To measure oxotremorine inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity, 25 μL forskolin (25 μM final concentration diluted in dPBS), 25 μL diluted oxotremorine, and 50 μL cells are added to agonist assay wells. To measure the ability of a test compound to block oxotremorine-inhibited AC activity, 25 μL forskolin and oxotremorine (25 μM and 5 μM final concentrations, respectively, diluted in dPBS), 25 μL diluted test compound, and 50 μL cells are added to remaining assay wells.

Reactions are incubated for 10 minutes at 37° C. and stopped by addition of 100 μL ice-cold detection buffer. Plates are sealed, incubated overnight at room temperature and counted the next morning on a PerkinElmer TopCount liquid scintillation counter (PerkinElmer Inc., Wellesley, Mass.). The amount of cAMP produced (pmol/well) is calculated based on the counts observed for the samples and cAMP standards, as described in the manufacturer's user manual. Data is analyzed by nonlinear regression analysis with the GraphPad Prism Software package (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) using the non-linear regression, one-site competition equation. The Cheng-Prusoff equation is used to calculate the K_(i), using the EC₅₀ of the oxotremorine concentration-response curve and the oxotremorine assay concentration as the K_(D) and [L], respectively.

In this assay, a lower K_(i) value indicates that the test compound has a higher functional activity at the receptor tested. The compound of formula I was found to have a K_(i) value of less than about 10 nM for blockade of oxotremorine-inhibition of forskolin-mediated cAMP accumulation in CHO-K1 cells expressing the hM₂ receptor.

B. Blockade of Agonist-Mediated [³⁵S]GTPγS Binding

In a second functional assay, the functional potency of test compounds can be determined by measuring the ability of the compounds to block oxotremorine-stimulated [³⁵S]GTPγS_binding in CHO-K1 cells expressing the hM₂ receptor.

At the time of use, frozen membranes were thawed and then diluted in assay buffer with a final target tissue concentration of 5-10 μg protein per well. The membranes were briefly homogenized using a Polytron PT-2100 tissue disrupter and then added to the assay plates.

The EC₉₀ value (effective concentration for 90% maximal response) for stimulation of [³⁵S]GTPγS binding by the agonist oxotremorine was determined in each experiment.

To determine the ability of a test compound to inhibit oxotremorine-stimulated [³⁵S]GTPγS binding, the following was added to each well of 96 well plates: 25 μL of assay buffer with [³⁵S]GTPγS (0.4 nM), 25 μL of oxotremorine (EC₅₀) and GDP (3 uM), 25 μL of diluted test compound and 25 μL CHO cell membranes expressing the hM₂ receptor. The assay plates were then incubated at 37° C. for 60 minutes. The assay plates were filtered over 1% BSA-pretreated GF/B filters using a PerkinElmer 96-well harvester. The plates were rinsed with ice-cold wash buffer for 3×3 seconds and then air or vacuum dried. Microscint-20 scintillation liquid (50 μL) was added to each well, and each plate was sealed and radioactivity counted on a Topcounter (PerkinElmer). Data were analyzed by nonlinear regression analysis with the GraphPad Prism Software package (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) using the non-linear regression, one-site competition equation. The Cheng-Prusoff equation was used to calculate the K_(i), using the IC₅₀ values of the concentration-response curve for the test compound and the oxotremorine concentration in the assay as the K_(D) and [L], ligand concentration, respectively.

In this assay, a lower K_(i) value indicates that the test compound has a higher functional activity at the receptor tested. The compound of formula I was found to have a K_(i) value of less than about 10 nM for blockade of oxotremorine-stimulated [³⁵S]GTPγS_binding in CHO-K1 cells expressing the hM₂ receptor.

C. Blockade of Agonist-Mediated Calcium Release Via FLIPR Assays

Muscarinic receptor subtypes (M₁, M₃ and M₅ receptors), which couple to G_(q) proteins, activate the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway upon agonist binding to the receptor. As a result, activated PLC hydrolyzes phosphatyl inositol diphosphate (PIP₂) to diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidyl-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP₃), which in turn generates calcium release from intracellular stores, i.e., endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The FLIPR (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.) assay capitalizes on this increase in intracellular calcium by using a calcium sensitive dye (Fluo-4AM, Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) that fluoresces when free calcium binds. This fluorescence event is measured in real time by the FLIPR, which detects the change in fluorescence from a monolayer of cells cloned with human M₁ and M₃, and chimpanzee M₅ receptors. Antagonist potency can be determined by the ability of antagonists to inhibit agonist-mediated increases in intracellular calcium.

For FLIPR calcium stimulation assays, CHO cells stably expressing the hM₁, hM₃ and cM₅ receptors are seeded into 96-well FLIPR plates the night before the assay is done. Seeded cells are washed twice by Cellwash (MTX Labsystems, Inc.) with FLIPR buffer (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 2 mM calcium chloride, 2.5 mM probenecid in Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS) without calcium and magnesium) to remove growth media and leaving 50 μL/well of FLIPR buffer. The cells are then incubated with 50 μL/well of 4 μM FLUO-4AM (a 2× solution was made) for 40 minutes at 37° C., 5% carbon dioxide. Following the dye incubation period, cells are washed two times with FLIPR buffer, leaving a final volume of 50 μL/well.

To determine antagonist potency, the dose-dependent stimulation of intracellular Ca²⁺ release for oxotremorine is first determined so that antagonist potency can later be measured against oxotremorine stimulation at an EC₉₀ concentration. Cells are first incubated with compound dilution buffer for 20 minutes, followed by agonist addition, which is performed by the FLIPR. An EC₉₀ value for oxotremorine is generated according to the method detailed in the FLIPR measurement and data reduction section below, in conjunction with the formula EC_(F)=((F/100−F)^1/H)*EC₅₀. An oxotremorine concentration of 3×EC_(F) is prepared in stimulation plates such that an EC₉₀ concentration of oxotremorine is added to each well in the antagonist inhibition assay plates.

The parameters used for the FLIPR are: exposure length of 0.4 seconds, laser strength of 0.5 watts, excitation wavelength of 488 nm, and emission wavelength of 550 nm. Baseline is determined by measuring the change in fluorescence for 10 seconds prior to addition of agonist. Following agonist stimulation, the FLIPR continuously measured the change of fluorescence every 0.5 to 1 second for 1.5 minutes to capture the maximum fluorescence change.

The change of fluorescence is expressed as maximum fluorescence minus baseline fluorescence for each well. The raw data is analyzed against the logarithm of drug concentration by nonlinear regression with GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) using the built-in model for sigmoidal dose-response. Antagonist K_(i) values are determined by Prism using the oxotremorine EC₅₀ value as the K_(D) and the oxotremorine EC₉₀ for the ligand concentration according to the Cheng-Prusoff equation (Cheng & Prusoff, 1973).

In this assay, a lower K_(i) value indicates that the test compound has a higher functional activity at the receptor tested. The compound of formula I was found to have a K_(i) value of less than about 10 nM for blockade of agonist-mediated calcium release in CHO cells stably expressing the hM₁, hM₃ and cM₅ receptors.

Assay Test Procedure E

Whole-cell cAMP Flashplate Assay With a Lung Epithelial Cell Line Endogenously Expressing Human β₂ Adrenergic Receptor

For the determination of agonist potencies and efficacies (intrinsic activities) in a cell line expressing endogenous levels of the β₂ adrenergic receptor, a human lung epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) was used (ATCC CRL-9609, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.) (January B, et al., British Journal of Pharmacology, 1998, 123, 4, 701-11). Cells were grown to 75-90% confluency in complete, serum-free medium (LHC-9 MEDIUM containing Epinephrine and Retinoic Acid, cat # 181-500, Biosource International, Camarillo, Calif.). The day before the assay, medium was switched to LHC-8 (no epinephrine or retinoic acid, cat # 141-500, Biosource International, Camarillo, Calif.).

cAMP assays were performed in a radioimmunoassay format using the Flashplate Adenylyl Cyclase Activation Assay System with [¹²⁵I]-cAMP (NEN SMP004, PerkinElmer Life Sciences Inc., Boston, Mass.), according to the manufacturers instructions.

On the day of the assay, cells were rinsed with PBS, lifted by scraping with 5 mM EDTA in PBS, and counted. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 1,000 rpm and re-suspended in stimulation buffer pre-warmed to 37° C. at a final concentration of 600,000 cells/mL. Cells were used at a final concentration of 100,000 to 120,000 cells/well in this assay. Test compounds were serially diluted into assay buffer (75 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.4 at 25° C., 12.5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EDTA, 0.2% BSA) in Beckman Biomek-2000. Test compounds were tested in the assay at 11 different concentrations, ranging from 10 μM to 10 pM. Reactions were incubated for 10 min at 37° C. and stopped by addition of 100 μL of ice-cold detection buffer. Plates were sealed, incubated over night at 4° C. and counted the next morning in a Topcount scintillation counter (Packard BioScience Co., Meriden, Conn.). The amount of cAMP produced per mL of reaction was calculated based on the counts observed for samples and cAMP standards, as described in the manufacturer's user manual. Data were analyzed by nonlinear regression analysis with the GraphPad Prism Software package (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) using the 4-parameter model for sigmoidal dose-response.

In this assay, a lower EC₅₀ value indicates that the test compound has a higher functional activity at the receptor tested. The compound of formula I was found to have a EC₅₀ value of less than about 10 nM for the β₂ adrenergic receptor.

Assay Test Procedure F

Duration of Bronchoprotection in Guinea Pig Models of Acetylcholine-Induced or Histamine-Induced Bronchoconstriction

These in vivo assays were used to assess the bronchoprotective effects of test compounds exhibiting both muscarinic receptor antagonist and β₂ adrenergic receptor agonist activity. To isolate muscarinic antagonist activity in the acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction model, the animals were administered propanolol, a compound that blocks β receptor activity, prior to the administration of acetylcholine. Duration of bronchoprotection in the histamine-induced bronchoconstriction model reflects β₂ adrenergic receptor agonist activity.

Groups of 6 male guinea pigs (Duncan-Hartley (HsdPoc:DH) Harlan, Madison, Wis.) weighing between 250 and 350 g were individually identified by cage cards. Throughout the study, animals were allowed access to food and water ad libitum.

Test compounds were administered via inhalation over 10 minutes in a whole-body exposure dosing chamber (R&S Molds, San Carlos, Calif.). The dosing chambers were arranged so that an aerosol was simultaneously delivered to 6 individual chambers from a central manifold. Guinea pigs were exposed to an aerosol of a test compound or vehicle (WFI). These aerosols were generated from aqueous solutions using an LC Star Nebulizer Set (Model 22F51, PARI Respiratory Equipment, Inc. Midlothian, Va.) driven by a mixture of gases (CO₂=5%, O₂=21% and N₂=74%) at a pressure of 22 psi. The gas flow through the nebulizer at this operating pressure was approximately 3 L/minute. The generated aerosols were driven into the chambers by positive pressure. No dilution air was used during the delivery of aerosolized solutions. During the 10 minute nebulization, approximately 1.8 mL of solution was nebulized. This value was measured gravimetrically by comparing pre- and post-nebulization weights of the filled nebulizer.

The bronchoprotective effects of test compounds administered via inhalation were evaluated using whole body plethysmography at 1.5, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-dose.

Forty-five minutes prior to the start of the pulmonary evaluation, each guinea pig was anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine (43.75 mg/kg), xylazine (3.50 mg/kg) and acepromazine (1.05 mg/kg). After the surgical site was shaved and cleaned with 70% alcohol, a 2-3 cm midline incision of the ventral aspect of the neck was made. Then, the jugular vein was isolated and cannulated with a saline-filled polyethylene catheter (PE-50, Becton Dickinson, Sparks, Md.) to allow for intravenous infusions of acetylcholine (Ach) or histamine in saline. The trachea was then dissected free and cannulated with a 14G teflon tube (#NE-014, Small Parts, Miami Lakes, Fla.). If required, anesthesia was maintained by additional intramuscular injections of the aforementioned anesthetic mixture. The depth of anesthesia was monitored and adjusted if the animal responds to pinching of its paw or if the respiration rate was greater than 100 breaths/minute.

Once the cannulations were completed, the animal was placed into a plethysmograph (#PLY3114, Buxco Electronics, Inc., Sharon, Conn.) and an esophageal pressure cannula (PE-160, Becton Dickinson, Sparks, Md.) was inserted to measure pulmonary driving pressure (pressure). The teflon tracheal tube was attached to the opening of the plethysmograph to allow the guinea pig to breathe room air from outside the chamber. The chamber was then sealed. A heating lamp was used to maintain body temperature and the guinea pig's lungs were inflated 3 times with 4 mL of air using a 10 mL calibration syringe (#5520 Series, Hans Rudolph, Kansas City, Mo.) to ensure that the lower airways did not collapse and that the animal did not suffer from hyperventilation.

Once it was determined that baseline values were within the range of 0.3-0.9 mL/cm H₂O for compliance and within the range of 0.1-0.199 cm H₂O/mL per second for resistance, the pulmonary evaluation was initiated. A Buxco pulmonary measurement computer progam enabled the collection and derivation of pulmonary values.

Starting this program initiated the experimental protocol and data collection. The changes in volume over time that occur within the plethysmograph with each breath were measured via a Buxco pressure transducer. By integrating this signal over time, a measurement of flow was calculated for each breath. This signal, together with the pulmonary driving pressure changes, which were collected using a Sensym pressure transducer (#TRD4100), was connected via a Buxco (MAX 2270) preamplifier to a data collection interface (#'s SFT3400 and SFT3813). All other pulmonary parameters were derived from these two inputs.

Baseline values were collected for 5 minutes, after which time the guinea pigs were challenged with Ach or histamine. When evaluating the muscarinic antagonist effects, propanolol (5 mg/Kg, iv) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) was administered 15 minutes prior to challenge with Ach. Ach (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) (0.1 mg/mL) was infused intravenously for 1 minute from a syringe pump (sp2101iw, World Precision Instruments, Inc., Sarasota, Fla.) at the following doses and prescribed times from the start of the experiment: 1.9 μg/minute at 5 minutes, 3.8 μg/minute at 10 minutes, 7.5 μg/minute at 15 minutes, 15.0 μg/minute at 20 minutes, 30 μg/minute at 25 minutes and 60 μg/minute at 30 minutes. Alternatively, bronchoprotection of test compounds was assessed in the acetylcholine challenge model without pretreatment with a beta blocking compound.

When evaluating the β₂ adrenergic receptor agonist effects of test compounds, histamine (25 μg/mL) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) was infused intravenously for 1 minute from a syringe pump at the following doses and prescribed times from the start of the experiment: 0.5 μg/minute at 5 minutes, 0.9 μg/minute at 10 minutes, 1.9 μg/minute at 15 minutes, 3.8 μg/minute at 20 minutes, 7.5 μg/minute at 25 minutes and 15 μg/minute at 30 minutes. If resistance or compliance had not returned to baseline values at 3 minutes following each Ach or histamine dose, the guinea pig's lungs were inflated 3 times with 4 mL of air from a 10 mL calibration syringe. Recorded pulmonary parameters include respiration frequency (breaths/minute), compliance (mL/cm H₂O) and pulmonary resistance (cm H₂O/mL per second). Once the pulmonary function measurements were completed at minute 35 of this protocol, the guinea pig was removed from the plethysmograph and euthanized by carbon dioxide asphyxiation.

The data were evaluated in one of two ways:

(a) Pulmonary resistance (R_(L), cm H₂O/mL per second) was calculated from the ratio of “change in pressure” to “the change in flow.” The R_(L) response to ACh (60 μg/min, 1H) was computed for the vehicle and the test compound groups. The mean ACh response in vehicle-treated animals, at each pre-treatment time, was calculated and used to compute % inhibition of ACh response, at the corresponding pre-treatment time, at each test compound dose. Inhibition dose-response curves for ‘R_(L)’ were fitted with a four parameter logistic equation using GraphPad Prism, version 3.00 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, Calif.) to estimate bronchoprotective ID₅₀ (dose required to inhibit the ACh (60 μg/min) bronchocontrictor response by 50%). The equation used was as follows: Y=Min+(Max−Min)/(1+10^(((log ID50−X)*Hillslope))) where X is the logarithm of dose, Y is the response (% Inhibition of ACh induced increase in R_(L)). Y starts at Min and approaches asymptotically to Max with a sigmoidal shape.

(b) The quantity PD₂, which is defined as the amount of Ach or histamine needed to cause a doubling of the baseline pulmonary resistance, was calculated using the pulmonary resistance values derived from the flow and the pressure over a range of Ach or histamine challenges using the following equation (derived from the equation used to calculate PC₂₀ values in the clinic (see Am. Thoracic Soc, 2000):

${PD}_{2} = {{antilog}\left\lbrack {{\log\mspace{20mu} C_{1}} + \frac{\left( {{\log\mspace{20mu} C_{2}} - {\log\mspace{20mu} C_{1}}} \right)\left( {{2R_{0}} - R_{1}} \right)}{R_{2} - R_{1}}} \right\rbrack}$ where:

-   -   C₁=concentration of Ach or histamine preceding C₂     -   C₂=concentration of Ach or histamine resulting in at least a         2-fold increase in pulmonary resistance (R_(L))     -   R₀=Baseline R_(L) value     -   R₁=R_(L) value after C₁     -   R₂=R_(L) value after C₂

Statistical analysis of the data was performed using a two tailed—Students t-test. A P-value <0.05 was considered significant.

The compound of formula I was found to have an ID₅₀ less than about 100 μg/mL for ACh-induced bronchoconstriction and an ID₅₀ less than about 100 μg/mL for His-induced bronchoconstriction at 1.5 hours post-dose. Additionally, the compound of formula I was found to have a duration (PD T_(1/2)) of brochoprotective activity of at least about 24 hours post-dose.

While the present invention has been described with reference to specific aspects or embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skilled in the art that various changes can be made or equivalents can be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, to the extent permitted by applicable patent statues and regulations, all publications, patents and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each document had been individually incorporated by reference herein. 

1. A crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof.
 2. The crystalline salt of claim 1, wherein the salt is characterized by an x-ray powder diffraction pattern having two or more diffraction peaks at 2θ values selected from 11.95±0.25, 12.88±0.25, 13.88±0.25, 18.43±0.25, 20.45±0.25, 22.98±0.25, 23.83±0.25, and 25.94±0.25.
 3. The crystalline salt of claim 2, wherein the x-ray powder diffraction pattern comprises diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 18.43±0.25, 20.45±0.25, and 23.83±0.25.
 4. The crystalline salt of claim 1, wherein the salt is characterized by an x-ray powder diffraction pattern in which the peak positions are substantially in accordance with the peak positions of the pattern shown in FIG.
 1. 5. The crystalline salt of claim 1, wherein the salt is characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry trace which shows an onset of endothermic heat flow at about 200° C.
 6. The crystalline salt of claim 1, wherein the salt is characterized by an differential scanning calorimetry trace substantially in accordance with that shown in FIG.
 2. 7. The crystalline salt of claim 1, wherein the salt has infrared absorption spectrum with significant absorption bands at 689±1, 706±1, 749±1, 768±1, 806±1, 841±1, 994±1, 1065±1, 1098±1, 1165±1, 1221±1, 1252±1, 1283±1, 1437±1, 1474±1, 1533±1, 1613±1, and 1668±1 cm⁻¹.
 8. The crystalline salt of claim 1, wherein the salt is characterized by an infrared absorption spectrum substantially in accordance with that shown in FIG.
 4. 9. A pharmaceutical composition prepared from the crystalline salt of claim 1, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the composition further comprises a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the composition further comprises a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor.
 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the composition is formulated for administration by inhalation.
 13. A method for treating a pulmonary disorder, the method comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 9. 14. A method of producing bronchodilation in a patient, the method comprising administering to a patient a bronchodilation-producing amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 9. 15. A method of treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, the method comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 9. 16. The crystalline salt of claim 1, wherein the salt is in micronized form.
 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the salt of claim
 16. 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 17, wherein the carrier is lactose.
 19. A process for preparing the crystalline salt of claim 1; the process comprising contacting biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester with 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid.
 20. A process for purifying biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester; the process comprising forming a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester.
 21. A process for preparing crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof, the process comprising: (a) contacting a compound of formula II:

wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, —C₁₋₄ alkyl-(phenyl), or one of R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) is —O—(C₁₋₄ alkyl); with fluoride ion; and (b) contacting the product from step (b) with naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid to form a crystalline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-{9-[(R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinolin-5-yl)ethylamino]nonyl}-piperidin-4-yl ester or a solvate thereof, wherein step (a) and (b) are conducted in the same reaction vessel without isolation of the product of step (a). 